The Expressive Moment: How Interaction (with Music) Shapes Human Empowerment (The MIT Press) by Leman Marc

Author:Leman, Marc [Leman, Marc]
Language: eng
Format: mobi
Publisher: The MIT Press
Published: 2016-09-01T16:00:00+00:00

Figure 5.9 Tempo entrainment basin of recreational runners. The difference in percentage of the runners’ comfort tempo with respect to the music tempo is shown on the horizontal axis. The vertical axis shows the percentage of tempo-entrainment (amount of steps at a tempo close to the music tempo). The bars show the standard error of the mean, indicating that the true mean occurs within that interval.

The main conclusions to be drawn from the aforementioned results are that human rhythm is driven to establish an overall timing framework with music rhythms and that this timing framework should be considered as an emerging interaction outcome of the interaction. The emergence of the overall timing framework is susceptible to changes in the conditions that establish the interaction. One important condition concerns the deviation between imposed music tempo and comfort tempo. This condition imposes constraints on the adjustment of sensorimotor schemes that control the motor rhythm in relation to the musical rhythm. These adjustments happen spontaneously, and they are subliminal—that is, people aren’t always aware of them. This shows how responsive humans, and how they lean toward wanting to maintain stability.

It is possible that this leaning is based on rewarding effects. Being able to predict correctly may induce a rewarding feeling of control (agency). (See chapter 8.) However, it is also possible that physical effort or energetic efficiency figure in this. The energetic reward could be based on a reduction in energetic cost that occurs when biological rhythms (human locomotion and breathing) and external rhythms are synchronized (Hoffmann et al. 2012). External rhythms have the power to synchronize those biological rhythms, and when this happens there is a reduced energy cost. In short, being able to entrain has biological value. Not being able to entrain results in loss of stability, loss of accurate predictions, loss of control, a need for more cognitive resources to re-establish the framework, and reduced energy efficiency. Being able to entrain means that these aspects can be controlled. All of this shows that entrainment is indeed a fascinating mechanism that is devised for setting and maintaining a stable overall timing framework whenever that is possible. Once established, such a framework liberates the resources for some other tasks, such as expressive alignment, control of schemes, and goal-directed interactions in general.

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